What 1453 battle is often treated as the decisive end of the Hundred Years’ War?

The story behind the answer

It marked the destruction of the last major English field army in Gascony. The French, relying on a fortified artillery park organized by Jean Bureau, shattered an English assault led by John Talbot—who was killed in the fighting. The defeat triggered the rapid fall of Bordeaux and the loss of Aquitaine, leaving England with only Calais and effectively ending the conflict.

Beyond the result, this battle highlights a turning point in military history: the rise of gunpowder artillery and a more professional, tax-funded French army under Charles VII. Earlier English triumphs like Crécy and Agincourt did not decide the war; sustained French reforms and firepower did. Fittingly, 1453 is often seen as a watershed year in Europe, also witnessing the fall of Constantinople and the dawn of a new era in warfare.