What is a “relic” in medieval Christianity?

The story behind the answer

Relics were physical remains of holy people—such as bones or hair—or objects closely associated with them, like clothing or items they touched. Medieval Christians believed these items mediated divine power: being near them, touching them, or praying before them could bring healing, protection, or intercession. Churches displayed relics in ornate reliquaries and became pilgrimage destinations, shaping medieval travel, local economies, and the map of sacred sites.

Traditionally, relics were classified as first-class (body parts), second-class (items owned or used by the saint), and third-class (objects touched to a first-class relic). Their popularity spurred both devotion and controversy: the Church encouraged veneration (not worship) and tried to authenticate relics amid frequent forgeries, while the translation of relics from place to place could spark intense civic pride—or rivalry.