What is the medieval term for a trained medical practitioner in towns?

The story behind the answer

Because towns sought academically trained healers, the role belonged to university-educated doctors who diagnosed illness using learned medicine based on Galen and the four humors. They consulted texts in Latin, examined urine (uroscopy), and prescribed regimens and compounded remedies—distinct from surgeons who performed manual operations, barbers who did bloodletting and tooth-pulling, and apothecaries who prepared drugs rather than diagnosed.

From the 12th century, medical faculties at Salerno, Bologna, and Paris standardized this elite profession, with licensing and fees that often limited access to the wealthy. Treatment could involve diet, phlebotomy, and astrological timing, reflecting the era’s blend of scholarship and superstition. During crises like the Black Death, their authority was tested, but their urban presence and literary training marked them as the era’s formal medical practitioners.