What is the name of the Muslim ruler often linked to the Crusades who fought Richard the Lionheart?

The story behind the answer

As sultan of Egypt and Syria during the Third Crusade, he recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 after the Battle of Hattin and then faced King Richard I in a series of campaigns, including the battle of Arsuf (1191) and the sieges around Acre and Jaffa. His leadership and diplomatic skill defined Muslim resistance, making him the principal adversary of the crusaders.

A Kurdish-born leader who forged the Ayyubid dynasty, he was renowned—even by European chroniclers—for chivalry and pragmatic truces, culminating in a treaty that allowed Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem while keeping the city under his control. By contrast, Nur ad-Din was his mentor and predecessor, Baibars a later Mamluk sultan, and al-Kamil negotiated with Frederick II in the Sixth Crusade.